PhD in Arabic and Islamic Studies, University of the Western Cape, South Africa; M.A in Arabic and Islamic Studies, University of the Western Cape; Higher Specialisations in Arabic Language and in Islamic Law (BA Honours equivalent), Dār al-`Ulūm, Western Cape; Degree in Islamic Law (BA equivalent), Dār al-`Ulūm; Diploma in Arabic, Arabic Language Institute, University of Madinah, Saudi Arabia; BSc in Business Administration, Morgan State University, Baltimore, MD